The Dutch trade magazine Houtwereld published an article about the environmental impact of piling, as presented by the Royal Association of Dutch Timber companies and FSC® the Netherlands.
The use of certified timber in piling results in the lowest environmental impact. Compared to timber, the application of recycled plastics has a 4 times higher negative environmental impact, depending on the chosen timber-species. Steel piling causes the highest environmentel impact: up to 140 times higher than piling made of certified timber.
Please click on the image below for a larger, more readable version of the article. Unfortunately only available in Dutch.